LanguageTeach

San Jose City College

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    Review Sentence Types
   Sentences hold your thoughts. Craft them with care.

In the following table, identify sentence types:

    ♦ Simple: One independent clause: IC.   NoteTwo verbs [called a compound verb] may have the same subject.
Marla joined Global Exchange and became involved in human rights issues.

Or two subjects [called a compound subject) may have the same verb.
Both Martha and her Iraqi colleague became casualties of a brutal war.

In both cases the sentence is a simple sentence as there is only one subject or one verb.
    ♦ Compound: Two independent clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction:
       IC, and IC.
    ♦ Complex: An independent clause with a dependent clause: IC DC. or DC, IC.
    ♦ Complex-Complex: The sentence contains two dependent clauses: DC, IC DC.
    ♦ Compound-Complex: The sentence has two independent clauses and
       a dependent clause: IC, and IC DC.

The sentences are broken into thought groups. Look for subjects and verbs, the requirements of a clause. Then look for connecting words to determine the sentence type. CC = coordinating conjunction; SC = subordinating conjunction. Remember that adverb, adjective, and noun clauses are all dependent clauses.

1.	Marla Ruzicka was a young woman \| who was involved in human rights issues \| from the time she was in high school.	Sentence Notes1. Clause 1 = S+LV+C Clause 2 = adjective clause with relative subject pronoun [who]: S+V+M to be involved and to get involved are stative passive verbs. Involved functions as an adjective. The prepositional phrase [in human rights issues] tells how she got involved. Clause 3 = adjective clause: [omitted relative adverb when...from the time (when) she was in high school.] S+V+M
2.	She joined a human rights organization, \| Global Exchange, \| during her high school years.	Sentence Notes2. Independent clause structure = S+V+DO+Appositive+M The direct object is followed by an appositive, which is another name for a previous noun.
3.	Through this organization, \| she worked with AIDS victims in Zimbabwe, farm workers in Nicaragua, and refugees of war in Palestine.	Sentence Notes3. Independent clause structure = M+S+V+DOs Work with is a phrasal verb.
4.	After the United States invaded Afghanistan, \| Marla went to that country \| through Global Exchange \| to monitor human rights violations .	Sentence Notes4. Clause 1 = adverbial time clause: (SC=After) + S+V+DO Clause 2 = S+V+M¹(where?)+M² (how?)+M³ (why?)
5.	In Afghanistan, \| she witnessed firsthand \| the ravages of war \| and decided to dedicate her life \| to helping its innocent victims.	Sentence Notes 5. Independent Clause structure: M+S+V+M+DO (CC) + V+DO (an infinitive phrase) + M. The sentence is a simple sentence with a compound verb.
6.	Before Marla went to Afghanistan and Iraq, \| she founded a non-profit organization, \| which she called CIVIC.	Sentence Notes6. Clause 1 = Adverbial Time clause: (SC=before) + S+V+M Clause 2 [main clause] = S+V+DO Clause 3 = Ajdective clause with relative object pronoun: DO (which)+S+V+Complement...(She called ~~the organization~~ CIVIC) A noun functions as a complement after other nouns as in: They named the Baby Maria. Marla called the organization CIVIC.
7.	The acronym stands for \| The Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict, \| the purpose of which was \| to gather information \| on civilian casualties \| in Afghanistan and Iraq.	Sentence Notes7. Clause 1 = S+V+DO Clause 2 = an adjective clause with a relative pronoun object of the preposition: the purpose of which could be restated as whose purpose. The relative pronoun is the object of the preposition of. Derivation: The purpose of ~~the campaign~~ was --> the purpose of which + LV + infinitive complement + modifiers.
8.	Marla wanted to know \| how many innocent Iraqi civilians had been killed \| by U.S. forces, \| so she returned to Iraq.	Sentence Notes8. Clause 1 = S+V+DO Clause 2 = the noun clause DO of Clause 1: (SC = how many)+S+V+M (CC) + Clause 3 = S+V+M
9.	Marla strongly believed \| that the U.S. government should compensate the families of Iraqi civilians \| killed in the war.	Sentence Notes9. Clause 1 = S+V+DO Clause 2 = the direct object of clause 1: (SC = that) S+V+DO + adjective modifiers
10.	She walked through the dangerous neighborhoods in Baghdad \| and asked families \| how many people \| they were missing.	Sentence Notes 10. Clause 1 = S+V+Ms+V+IO+ Clause 2 = a noun clause DO of clause 1. (SC = how many] +S+V. Direct question: How many people were they missing? Embedded question: ...asked them indirect object how many people they were missing. N. clause DO
11.	Fallujah was the site \| of a very dangerous military offensive, \| but Marla didn't hesitate to go there \| to assist civilians.	Sentence Notes11. Clause 1 = S+LV+C (with prepositional adjective modifier--of a very dangerous military offensive) CC+ Clause 2 = S+V+M¹ (to go there completes the meaning of the verb)+M² (shows purpose)
12.	When the director of the Iraqi Red Crescent \| in Fallujah \| failed to get supplies to refugees, \| Marla confronted him \| for his apathy.	Sentence Notes12. Clause 1 = adverbial time clause: (SC=When) +S+V+M (modifier shows how he failed) Clause 2 = S+V+DO+M (modifier shows why she confronted him)
13.	Marla knew \| how to get support \| for her projects.	Sentence Notes13. What did she know? The answer is in a noun phrase, which has no subject. The noun phrase is the object of know. The sentence structure is S + V + DO + M The modifier is an adjective phrase modifying the noun support..
14.	She lobbied congress \| for the rights of Iraqi civilians, \| and she sought out reporters \| who would publicize her stories.	Sentence Notes14. Clause 1 = S+V+DO+M [for the rights of Iraqi civilians tells why she lobbied congress] (CC) + Clause 2 = S+V+DO Clause 3 is an adjective clause with Subject relative pronoun: S+V+DO.
15.	She felt happy \| when she could get medical care and money for victims, \| but the bitter experiences \| they endured to get the care and compensation \| saddened her.	Sentence Notes15. Clause 1 = S+LV+C Clause 2 = Adverbial time clause: (SC=when)+S+V+DO+IO (CC) + Clause 3 = S+V [saddened]+DO [her] Clause 4 = Adjective clause [relative object pronoun that omitted] +S+V (that) they endured...[inserted into clause 3]
16.	The stress of Baghdad was relentless, \| so Marla planned a two-week trip to Thailand \| to get a little rest.	Sentence Notes16. Clause 1 = S+LV+C (CC) + Clause 2 = S+V+DO+Modifiers (where? - to Thailand; why? - to get a little rest)
17.	On April 18, 2005, \| Marla was on the road \| leading to the Baghdad airport \| when a suicide bomber \| detonated his explosives.	Sentence Notes17. Clause 1 = M+S+V+Modifiers [prepostional adv. and participial adj. phrases] Clause 2 = Adverbial time clause: (SC=when)+ S+V+DO
18.	Marla and her Iraqi colleague, \| Faiz Ali Salim, \| were killed instantly.	Sentence Notes18. There is one clause: S+V+M. The verb is passive. Instantly is an adverb of manner. Faiz Ali Salim is the appositive.
19.	In one horrific event, \| the voice of one \| who so courageously advocated justice for victims of war \| was forever silenced.	Sentence Notes19. Clause 1 = M+S+V Clause 2 = adjective clause with relative subject pronoun inserted into main clause: S +M (so courageously) + V + DO + IO The adverb forever is inserted within the main verb phrase for effect.
20.	However, \| her influence lives on, \| evidenced by the fact that \| the United States senate \| voted unanimously \| to name their Iraqi compensation program \| "The Marla Ruzicka War Victims Fund."	Sentence Notes20. Clause 1 = Transition,+S+V+M (=~~which is~~ evidenced by is reduced to evidenced by) + Clause 2 = SC (the fact that) + S+V+M+DO (=infinitive phrase...to name their Iraqi compensation fund + complement) Other Notes: The fact that is a noun clause subordinator. The noun clause functions as the object of the preposition in the adjective phrase evidenced by. The direct object of voted is the infinitive phrase that tells what the Senate voted to do. The Marla Ruzicka War Victims Fund functions as a noun complement as it gives the name of the program. It's just like the complement in this sentence: Her parents named her Marla.
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